While a monovalent H1N1 pdm09 vaccine was produced, it was not available in large quantities until late November—after the peak of illness during the second wave had come and gone in the United States.
Additionally, CDC estimated that ,, people worldwide died from H1N1 pdm09 virus infection during the first year the virus circulated. This differs greatly from typical seasonal influenza epidemics, during which about 70 percent to 90 percent of deaths are estimated to occur in people 65 years and older.
Though the flu pandemic primarily affected children and young and middle-aged adults, the impact of the H1N1 pdm09 virus on the global population during the first year was less severe than that of previous pandemics. Estimates of pandemic influenza mortality ranged from 0. It is estimated that 0. However, H1N1 pdm09 virus continues to circulate as a seasonal flu virus, and cause illness, hospitalization, and deaths worldwide every year.
Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. Influenza Flu. Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. Minus Related Pages. The best-known prevention method against swine flu is getting the H1N1 swine flu vaccine.
In September , the FDA permitted the new swine flu vaccine, and various studies by the National Institute of Health NIH showed that a single dose was enough to create sufficient antibodies to protect against the virus within 10 days.
The vaccination is contraindicated in people who had a previous severe allergic reaction to the influenza vaccination. Those who are moderate to severely ill, including those with or without a fever, should take the vaccination when they recover or are asymptomatic.
The management for infected patients depends on the severity of symptoms of influenza, mild to moderate influenza can be treated at home with rest, oral hydration and symptomatic treatment with antipyretics like paracetamol, antihistaminic for nasal congestion and rhinitis and NSAIDS or Paracetamol for headaches and body aches. Patients with progressive or severe symptoms should be admitted to hospitals and preferably in intensive care units ICU if there are signs suggestive of impending respiratory failure or sepsis or multiorgan dysfunction.
Aggressive supportive measures like intravenous IV hydration, correction of electrolyte imbalances, antibiotics for concomitant bacterial infections. Patients developing acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS secondary to influenza should be treated with noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation. The antiviral medications: zanamivir, oseltamivir, and peramivir have been documented to help reduce, or possibly prevent, the effects of swine flu if the medication is taken within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms.
Known side effects of oseltamivir comprise skin conditions that are occasionally severe and sporadic transient neuropsychiatric events. These possible side effects are the reason the use of oseltamivir is cautioned in the elderly and individuals that have a higher risk of developing these side effects.
An allergy to eggs is the only contraindication to zanamivir. Beginning October 1, , the CDC tested seasonal influenza A H1N1 collected viruses for resistance to the drugs oseltamivir and zanamivir. It concluded that Pregnant women who contract the H1N1, are at a greater risk of complications because of the body's hormonal changes, physical changes and changes to their immune system to accommodate the growing fetus.
For these reasons, the CDC recommends that all pregnant women get vaccinated to prevent the swine influenza virus. Swine influenza in pregnant women can be treated using antiviral medications: oseltamivir and zanamivir neuraminidase inhibitors.
It has been demonstrated that these 2 drugs are most effective when taken within 2 days of becoming sick. Evaluation of data reveals that some patients admitted with swine flu are at risk for sepsis, ARDS and death.
Predictors of death include chronic lung disease, obesity, underlying neurological diseases, delayed admission, and other co-morbidity. Swine flu is very contagious and is easily spread from humans after contact with pigs. The infection rapidly leads to moderate to severe symptoms and deaths are not rare.
The key is to prevent the infection in the first place. For best results, an interprofessional team should provide for the evaluation and care of patients with Swine flu. The team should be aware of patients at a high risk of becoming seriously ill if infected including you children, the elderly, those immunocompromized, gestating females, and those suffering from chronic debilitating diseases. Today, the primary care provider, pharmacist and nurse practitioner should recommend the H1N1 vaccine to children and adults at risk.
In addition, all pregnant women should be urged to get vaccinated to prevent the high mortality of the infection. The school nurse should encourage closure of the school even if only one case of H1N1 is identified. Parents should be encouraged to get the children vaccinated and prevent them from interacting with others; pharmacists are empowered to perform this function in many US states.
In the hospital, the nurses should ensure that the patient is in a single isolation room with airborne precautions in place. Appropriate precautions have to be undertaken to prevent contact with body fluids and aerosols released in the air while coughing. Hand washing should be enforced and only a limited number of healthcare personnel should be allowed to come into contact with the infected person. Only through open communication among members of the interprofessional team can the morbidity and mortality of swine flu be reduced.
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Continuing Education Activity H1N1 influenza is a subtype of influenza A virus, a communicable viral illness which causes upper and in some cases lower respiratory tract infections in its host. Introduction H1N1 Swine flu is a subtype of influenza A virus a communicable viral disease , which causes upper, and potentially, lower respiratory tract infections in the host it infects, resulting in symptoms such as nasal secretions, chills, fever, decreased appetite, and possibly lower respiratory tract disease.
Etiology The H1N1 influenza virus is an orthomyxovirus and produces virions that are 80 to nm in diameter, with an RNA genome size of approximately The swine influenza genome has 8 different regions which are segmented and encode 11 different proteins: Envelope proteins hemagglutinin HA and neuraminidase NA. Epidemiology Swine flu was first isolated from pigs in the s by researchers in the United States and was subsequently recognized by pork producers and veterinarians as a cause of flu infections in pigs worldwide, and for the next 60 years, H1N1 was the predominant swine influenza strain.
People who have a higher risk of becoming seriously ill if infected include: Children younger than 5 years old. Adults older than age 65, younger adults, and children under age 19 who are on long-term aspirin therapy. People suffering from chronic diseases such as asthma, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, or neuromuscular disease. Pathophysiology H1N1 swine flu is an acute disease that infects the upper respiratory tract and can cause inflammation of the upper respiratory passages, trachea, and possibly the lower respiratory tract.
Histopathology Swine flu causes most symptoms in upper and lower respiratory tracts. History and Physical The history and clinical presentations of H1N1 swine influenza have ranged from mild flu symptoms to severe respiratory symptoms and possibly death depending on the age of the patient, co-morbidities, vaccination status, and natural immunity in patients to the virus.
Evaluation Influenza A H1N1 virus infection could be encountered in a wide range of clinical settings and may result in variable pathologic findings. Prevention of swine flu in swine: Main methods to prevent swine flu in pigs involve facility management using disinfectants and regulated temperature to control viruses in the environment , herd management not adding pigs possibly carrying influenza to the herds that have not yet been exposed to the virus , and vaccination.
As much of the morbidity and mortality observed with swine flu is due to secondary infection by other pathogens, strategies that solely rely on vaccination may be insufficient. Prevention of swine to human viral transmission: Because swine can be infected with avian and human strains of H1N1 influenza, they are the primary hosts where antigenic shifts occur that can cause new strains of swine flu. Transmission of the influenza virus from swine to humans is usually seen in people who have a close association with pigs, such as farmers, pork handlers, and veterinarians.
These individuals are strongly encouraged to wear face-masks when dealing with the animals to prevent transmission through respiratory droplets. The most important step of prevention is vaccination of the swine. Individuals with increased risk of acquiring swine flu through pigs are those who smoke and do not wear gloves or masks when dealing with infected animals, increasing the risk of possible hand-to-nose, hand-to-eye, or hand-to-mouth transmission.
Prevention of human to human transmission: The main route of swine flu virus spread between humans is exposure to the virus when someone infected sneezes or coughs, and the virus enters one of the potential mucous surfaces, or when a person touched something infected with the virus and subsequently touch their nose, mouth, and surrounding areas. Swine flu is most contagious in the first 5 days of illness in most people, although this may increase in children and the elderly.
Current CDC recommendations to prevent the spread of the virus include frequent handwashing with soap and water or alcohol-based sanitizers, and also disinfecting household, hospital and public settings by cleaning with a diluted bleach solution.
Anyone who resides in an area where the disease is prevalent and suspects an infection or presents with flu-like symptoms, should stay away from work and public transportation and immediately see a doctor. Differential Diagnosis Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Prognosis Evaluation of data reveals that some patients admitted with swine flu are at risk for sepsis, ARDS and death. Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes Swine flu is very contagious and is easily spread from humans after contact with pigs.
Review Questions Access free multiple choice questions on this topic. Comment on this article. References 1. Es uno de los tres virus incluidos en la vacuna antigripal estacional regular. Uno no puede contraer el virus de la gripe H1N1 por comer carne de cerdo o cualquier otro alimento, tomar agua, nadar en estanques o usar jacuzzis o saunas. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website.
Influenza flu. Updated August 20, Accessed August 25,
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